buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay

buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay As one of the worlds leading outsourcing destinations, India has currently capitalized on among other things, its international surrogacy business. The business majorly serves foreign couples coming into India to seek for surrogate mothers. Surrogacy business flourishes in India because of three major reasons (Connell, 2011). First, most of these visitors prefer India because it offers surrogacy at a relatively affordable cost. It is argued that the lower cost is largely because of the increasing number of English-speaking Indians and the advancement in medical technology in the country. Second, India has loose legal restrictions which to a larger extent work to protect the rights of couples and not the surrogate mother (Connell, 2011). Finally, there is also an increase in the number of mothers registering in surrogacy business due to the high rates of compensation (Connell, 2011). However, there is still a debate concerning the bioethical implications surrounding the industry. The controversy is whether commercial surrogate motherhood is a form of oppression or an opportunity. It is still a common belief among many Indians that commercial surrogacy has mutual benefits that can change lives (Connell, 2011). Pros of Surrogacy in India Surrogacy as a Solution to Infertility Surrogacy has been a solution to most couples who disparately want a baby and face the issue of the woman not being able to carry the child. Through surrogacy most of the initially threatened marriage relationships have been revived (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy has provided such families with the best chance to carry on their own bloodline. This is possible because it enables the infertile parents to produce their own biological child. The parents use their own egg and sperm. Surrogacy also eases the conception process of women with difficulty in producing eggs or those who have lost their uterus to cancer (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy and relationships/bonding Studies have shown that surrogacy can be an instrument of tremendous bonding. This is especially so in cases where a friend or a family member offers a free surrogacy. Most surrogates also believe that surrogacy is an opportunity for them to show care and love for the unfortunate members of the society. They believe that it is the most extra ordinary gift a woman can ever give. Surrogacy allows for strong emotional bonds to form, making the infertile parents feel less alone in their infertility struggles. The practice has also answered the prayers of those interested in same sex parenting (Mason, 2010). Indian Surrogacy and Cost The major reason why Indian surrogacy is appealing to many couples is because of its lower cost compared to that of other countries. The cost of surrogacy in the U.S, for example, adds up to around U.S. $70,000. In India, it is offered at a lower cost with couples paying as low as $10,000 to 15,000 and sometimes even less (Maher, 2010). These low prices make the Indian surrogacy affordable by middle class Americans who influx the country. A part from benefiting the surrogate mothers, commercial surrogacy has become a major boos to the Indian economy contributing nearly $US6 billion annually (Maher, 2010). Surrogacy as an alternative source of employment Indian women from across the country are increasingly registering in surrogacy because of the tempting salary. To these poor mothers, surrogacy is understood simply as agreeing to carry and deliver a baby and to them, this can not be compared with the financial reward from the whole process. Several Indian women have build new houses, settled huge debts, while others have also heavily invested in the childrens future using their pay from surrogacy (Maher, 2010). Studies have shown that the six thousand dollars paid for just one successful pregnancy is equivalent to 15 years wages for some of these women. Surrogacy has therefore provided an easier way of escaping from poverty for these women and their families (Maher, 2010). Safety and Surrogacy Even though India is one of the countries with the highest maternal mortality, the surrogate mothers safety has been greatly improved. Most clinics screen the profiles of prospective surrogate mothers for potential birth related complications or mental instability (Rae, 2009). The practice has also addressed the issue of the surrogate mothers attachment to the babies by emphasizing on the use of eggs from a spouse or donor to create the embryo. This ensures that the babies being carried are not biologically related to the surrogate mothers and thus reduces the psychological impact on them (Rae, 2009). The clinics also offer counseling and a close medical monitoring throughout the pregnancy and childbirth. This has reduced the emotional issues related to pregnancy and childbirth. The surrogate women are also fully informed of the risks of the procedure (Rae, 2009). Surrogacy and the Childs Welfare The fears about the impact of surrogacy on the well being of children and families have been proved unfounded. Studies have shown that instead, the mothers of children born through surrogacy arrangement show more warmth towards their babies and are more emotionally involved than in the case of families where the child is conceived naturally (Mason, 2010). The studies revealed that both the mother and the father have better parenting skills than do the parents in non-surrogate families. At the same time the babies themselves have also shown no difference in their temperament and behavior compared with the non-surrogate babies (Mason, 2010). Surrogacy and legal issues Unlike the controversy witnessed in some countries, in India, it is clear that the surrogate mother cannot keep the child. Even in circumstances that the contract is not clear, the Indian women are clear that their main interest is the financial benefit from the whole process and not the child. The Indian law also prevents a surrogate mothers name from appearing on the birth certificate and denies her the right to keep the child. Such legal issues are well handled by a team consisting of an attorney versed in laws on surrogacy (Rae, 2009). The Cons of Surrogacy in India Even though it iis believed that the self-regulation of fertility clinics has resulted in more than adequate care for surrogate mothers, the future may be compromising. As the supply of fertility clinics increases to meet demand, the incentives to undercut competition in India may lead to unscrupulous treatment centers. This might compromise the well being of both the surrogate mothers and the children (Rae, 2009). According to Dr. Arthur, the surrogacy contracts are usually written to protect the wealthy people who are commissioning the baby (Mason, 2010). It fails to address situations in which the woman may suffer an injury, develop a health problem due to childbirth, or cases of a long-term chronic condition. Certain experts have also criticized the practice of implanting many embryos into the surrogate mother with the aim of enhancing the chances of pregnancy. They argue that this is done simply to save the wealthy couples the expenses of having to travel back to India. The surrogate mothers also risk not being paid if the pregnancy does not go to full term or the child does not live (Mason, 2010). A concern has also been raised over where the evolution of surrogacy might lead to. It may go beyond helping infertile couples to being a way for mothers who could carry a child to opt not to. This is already being practiced in many countries with women avoiding the normal pregnancy process. With the future advancement in genetic knowledge, surrogacy could be involved in fertile couples wanting to make what they think is the perfect child with perfect traits (Mason, 2010). The surrogate mothers have to move far away from her family for the entire period of pregnancy. This comes with such problems as language barrier and culture shocks. It may also be a frightening experience to live in the third world clinics where such issues as congestion in operating theatres still remain unresolved. Most of these clinics also lack neonatal intensive care facility close by for the baby after the birth. The situation in India is also different from that of the developed countries where couples are normally concerned about the medical safety of their pregnant surrogate mother and their unborn child (Rae, 2009). Surrogate mothers also suffer psychologically from giving birth to a child whom they will immediately be separated from. This whole process is seen as a western culture making some village residents to always want to disapprove any surrogacy pregnancy. The issue has caused divisions in most families and villages in India (Rae, 2009). Conclusion As much as this practice has its advantages, there is need for a law that adequately addresses regulation of fertility industry in this country. The current law is inadequate and guided by only a non binding suggestion from a medical research council. It to a larger extent works to protect the interest of the wealthy couples while leaving the life of the surrogate mothers and the children at risk. Such regulations should also be clear on who is allowed to seek the intervention of surrogate mothers to avoid the possibility of fertile women doing the same. Buy custom Ethics of Indian Surrogate Mothers essay

Los 6 puntos bsicos de las visas J-1 de intercambio

Los 6 puntos bsicos de las visas J-1 de intercambio Cada mes hay una media de 170,000 extranjeros disfrutando de una visa J-1 de intercambio en los Estados Unidos. Si se tiene una, es muy importante conocer las reglas fundamentales. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los programas amparados bajo el nombre J-1, explicacià ³n de fecha mxima para permanecer legalmente en el paà ­s y periodo de gracia, quà © es la regla de la obligacià ³n de dos aà ±os fuera, cà ³mo saber si aplica al caso de cada uno y, en el caso de los mà ©dicos, cules son los caminos para pedir una waiver, tambià ©n conocido como perdà ³n o permiso.   Para qu es la visa J-1 de intercambio Para facilitar que personas extranjeras ingreses a Estados Unidos a participar en diversos programas de intercambio educacional o cultural. Los Programas de la visa J-1 Son muy diversos entre sà ­ y con condiciones comunes pero tambià ©n à ºnicas a cada programa. Au-pair o nià ±eraEstudiante universitario, dentro de un programa encaminado a completar los estudios universitarios que realiza en su paà ­s de origenStaff  de campamento de verano Visitante invitado por el gobierno federal, uno de los estados o municipales o una de sus agenciasPrcticas para profesionales en Estados UnidosProgramas de entrenamiento para profesionales, como este para ONGs en EEUU. Mà ©dicos para realizar estudios o prcticasProfesores universitarios o investigadores a medio plazo (Visas H-1B y en algunos casos la visa O son tambià ©n una opcià ³n).Profesores universitarios o investigadores por un periodo corto de tiempo, por ejemplo, una conferencia, una demostracià ³n, etc.Estudiantes de secundaria para cursar sus estudios en una institucià ³n pà ºblica o privada. Para estos estudiantes, hay otras opciones de visa.Especialistas en un rea concreta de conocimientoTrabajar y viajar en verano para universitariosMaestros (los maestros tambià ©n pueden obtener u na visa H-1B) Cul es el primer paso para obtener una visa J-1 Tener un patrocinador (sponsor). Sà ³lo pueden patrocinar una J-1 una institucià ³n pà ºblica o privada que haya sido designada especà ­ficamente por el gobierno americano. Por ejemplo, aquà ­ est la de patrocinadores de maestros y aquà ­ una lista completa para otros programas. Si el sponsor decide patrocinar enviar al patrocinado extranjero un documento que se conoce como DS-2019. Si este documento no se puede pedir la visa. Solicitud de la visa A partir de ahà ­ ya se puede solicitar la J-1 completando en là ­nea el documento DS-160 pagando la tarifa correspondienteaportando los documentos especà ­ficos que se piden para cada programa y segà ºn el lugar desde donde se aplica (seguir las instrucciones del DS-160)asimismo, aportar las fotos y huellas digitales siguiendo las pautas del consulado desde donde se aplica.  acudir al consulado con toda la documentacià ³n y los resguardos de haber pagado haber aplicado el dà ­a y la hora seà ±alado. Seguir en este punto las instrucciones concretas para cada oficina consular Se puede llevar a Estados Unidos a los familiares mientras se desarrolla el programa de intercambio? En la mayorà ­a de los casos es posible solicitar una visa J-2 para los esposos/as   y para los dependientes (hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os). Sin embargo, algunos programas no contemplan esta posibilidad son: au pairmonitor de campamento de veranoestudiante de secundariay programa de trabajar y viajar en verano El procedimiento para obtener la visa J-2 es igual que al de la J-1. Primero hay que obtener el OK del patrocinador y este debe dar el DS-2019 para cada dependiente. Y sà ³lo despuà ©s se solicita la visa per se. En la mayorà ­a de los casos los cà ³nyuges que son titulares de una J-2 pueden trabajar en Estados Unidos, para ello deben solicitar un permiso de trabajo despuà ©s de ingresar al paà ­s.  En cuanto a la validez de sus visas, dejarn de serlo cuando la J-1 de la que dependen no sea vlida Obligacin de salir del pas al completar el programa J-1 y no regresar por dos aos Algunos programas estn sujetos a este mandato cuando la participacià ³n en el programa recibe fondos del gobierno del paà ­s del patrocinado o de los Estados Unidoscuando se trata de mà ©dicoscuando se posee unos conocimientos o habilidades calificados como necesarios por parte del paà ­s al que pertenece la persona que disfruta de la visa J-1. En estos casos ha que salir de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os, aunque se puede viajar como turista. Sin embargo no se puede obtener una visa de trabajo tipo L, H o ni una tarjeta de residencia ya que no es posible obtener ni una visa de inmigrante ni un ajuste de estatus. Tampoco es posible sacar la visa K-1 para prometidos de ciudadanos americanos. Los à ºnicos transfer de visa posibles son por una G, para organizaciones internacionales, una A, para diplomticos o la visa U para ciertos casos de và ­ctimas de violencia. Es cierto que se puede solicitar una waiver para que esta prohibicià ³n no aplique, pero no es fcil obtenerla, por lo que es altamente recomendable asesorarse con un abogado migratorio. Cmo saber si se est sujeto a la regla de los dos aos Se puede verificar en la esquina inferior izquierda del documento DS-2019, aunque es posible que està © en blanco.   En todo caso, la visa J-1 sà ­ que menciona explà ­citamente si se est sujeto a esta regla de tener que salir de los Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os y es que eso aplica a las personas cuyas visas tengan las palabras: Visa Bearer is suject to the 212 (E) Two year residency rule does apply.   Waivers para mdicos Los mà ©dicos con una J-1, en teorà ­a, deberà ­an cumplir con la regla de los dos aà ±os de residencia fuera de Estados Unidos. Pero como es una profesià ³n en gran demanda, principalmente en ciertas zonas del paà ­s, se admiten varios caminos para pedir una waiver: Programa Conrad-30, que permite solicitar a cada uno de los 50 estados un total de 30 waivers.Programa HPSA, gestionado por el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos. Programa ARC, gestionado por la Comisià ³n Regional de la Apalachiay el Programa Delta, presente en lo estados de Alabama, Arkansas, Illionois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri y Tennessee. Entradas y salidas con la visa J-1 Para evitar tener la visa cancelada o que impidan el ingreso a los Estados Unidos es muy importante conocer cundo se puede ingresar al paà ­s, cunto se debe salir y cul es el periodo de gracia. Quedarse ms tiempo del permitido tiene como consecuencia la cancelacià ³n de la visa y, a partir de los 180 dà ­as de estancia ilegal la situacià ³n se puede complicar por aplicacià ³n del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os.   Informacin adicional Si la visa J-1 no es la adecuada para un posible visitante a los Estados Unidos, un buen lugar por donde comenzar a informarse es conocer todas las visas no inmigrante con las que se puede ingresar al paà ­s. En algunos casos, los titulares de una visa J-1 pueden traer a sus familiares con una visa J-2. En el caso de nià ±os en primaria o secundaria es muy recomendable familiarizarse con el sistema educativo de los Estados Unidos antes de llegar al paà ­s.   Este artà ­culo no es informacià ³n legal para ningà ºn caso en concreto. Es sà ³lo informacià ³n general.